What is a crawler?

A crawler, also known as a web crawler, is an automated program that accesses websites through the Internet, downloads web page content, and extracts information according to predetermined rules. 

These programs are usually developed by search engines, data analysis companies, or research institutions to collect and analyze large amounts of web page data.

How web crawlers work

1. URL list initialization

The work of a web crawler begins with an initial list of URLs, which are usually provided by users or collected from other sources. For example, a search engine may obtain an initial list of URLs from links submitted by users or previously crawled data.

2. URL parsing and request

The crawler selects a URL from the initial URL list and sends an HTTP request to the corresponding server. After receiving the request, the server returns the HTML content of the web page.

3. HTML content parsing

The crawler parses the returned HTML content and extracts the text, links, images and other information. During the parsing process, the crawler will find all the links in the web page and add these links to the list of URLs to be crawled.

4. Data storage and processing

The crawler stores the parsed data in a database or other storage medium. These data may include the text content, title, keywords, metadata, etc. of the web page. The stored data can be used for further analysis, indexing or other purposes.

5. Repeat loop

The above steps will be repeated, and the crawler will continue to select new URLs from the list of URLs to be crawled for crawling until the predetermined crawling conditions are met or the system resource limit is reached.

Classification of web crawlers

General web crawlers

General web crawlers have a large crawling range and number, and have high requirements for crawling speed and storage space. They are mainly used for data collection by portal search engines and large Web service providers. General web crawlers have a wide coverage and generally work in parallel. 

Their structure is roughly divided into the following modules: page crawling, page analysis, link filtering, page database, URL queue and initial URL set.

Focused web crawler

Focused web crawler refers to a crawler that can perform content screening. Compared with general web crawlers, it adds link evaluation module and content evaluation module to evaluate the importance of the content and links of the crawled pages, and sorts the URL access order according to different importance. 

Focused web crawler refers to crawling pages related to the required topic, saving hardware and network resources.

Incremental web crawler

Incremental web crawler refers to crawling only newly generated or changed web pages, and crawling only when needed, which reduces the data download volume of the crawler but the crawling algorithm is more complicated. 

The structure of incremental web crawler includes crawling module, sorting module, update module, local page set, to-be-crawled URL set and local page URL set.

Deep web crawler

Deep web crawler crawls content by filling in forms. It is mainly used to crawl web pages hidden behind search forms and cannot be directly crawled through static links. Deep web crawler includes six basic modules and two crawler internal data structures: crawling control, parser, form analyzer, form processor, response analyzer, LVS controller.

Challenges and solutions for web crawlers

1. IP blocking and anti-crawling mechanisms

Many websites have adopted anti-crawling mechanisms, such as IP blocking, verification codes, and human-machine verification, to protect their data and server resources. If a crawler frequently visits a website, it may be detected and its IP address may be blocked by the website.

Solution: Using residential proxies or data center proxies, you can dynamically change the IP address to avoid being blocked by the website. In addition, you can also simulate user behavior to reduce the frequency of crawler requests and bypass the anti-crawling mechanism.

2. Data quality and consistency

The data crawled by web crawlers from different websites may have inconsistent formats and uneven data quality. How to ensure the high quality and consistency of data is a major challenge for crawlers.

Solution: During the data crawling and processing process, design a reasonable data cleaning and standardization process to ensure data consistency and accuracy. For example, you can use regular expressions to extract specific information and filter out useless noise data.

3. Legal and ethical issues

The large-scale data crawling behavior of web crawlers may involve legal and ethical issues such as copyright and privacy. How to crawl data legally and compliantly is a question that crawler developers must consider.

Solution: Before crawling data, make sure to understand and comply with the robots.txt protocol and terms of service of the target website to avoid crawling data involving privacy or copyright protection. At the same time, you can contact the target website to obtain permission for data crawling.

Conclusion

As a powerful data crawling tool, web crawlers are widely used in search engine indexing, data analysis, market intelligence, social media analysis, and academic research. 

Despite the challenges of IP blocking, data quality, law and ethics, these problems can be effectively solved by using proxy services, optimizing data processing processes, and complying with laws and regulations, and the maximum potential of web crawlers can be realized.